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FBI - Amurka


Hatimin FBI   Hoto:FBI

Gabatarwa

FBI, gajeren suna ne na Federal Bureau of Investigation, wadda kuma yake da ma’ana ta, Hukumar Binciken Laifuka ta Tarayya (Amurka). Ita ce hukuma mafi muhimmanci ta fuskacin gudanar da bincike game dukkan wata dokar Amurka da aka keta, sai dai a ‘yan guraren da ba za a rasa ba inda aka ɗora alhakin abin a kan wasu hukumomin.

Kafuwa

26 ga watan Juli (July) na shekarar 1980; wato shekaru ɗari da goma sha uku da suka gabata (1908 – 2021), ita ce ranar da aka keɓe a hukumance a matsayin ranar da aka haifi wannan babbar Hukumar Tsaron Amurka, wato Humukar Binciken Laifuka (FBI).

Bayyanar fasahohin tarho, telegiraf, titunan dogo (hanya ko titin jirgin ƙasa), da sauransu da aka samu a zamanin da aka kira da Zamanin Fasaha (Industrial age) da kuma samun galaba da Amurka ta yi a yaƙin da suka gwambza da sifaniya (Spain) a cikin shekarar 1889, sun fito da ɗaukakar wannan ƙasa ta Amurka a duniya tare kuma da faɗaɗa fukafukanta musamman zuwa Yammaci. Wannan kuma saboda zamowar ƙasar ta Amurka mai ƙarfin arziƙi tun a wancan lokacin da kuma ƙarfin faɗa-a-ji ta fuskar soji, siyasa, tattalin arziƙi, fasaha, kimiyya da sauransu. Waɗannan dalilai su suka mayar da Amurka yaya babba a duniya tun a wancan zamani.

Bisa haka sai manyan biranen ƙasar suka yi wata irin tumbatsa a kusan shekarun 1908 wadda ta kai ga samun sama da birane 100 da adadin jama'arsu ya haura 50,000. Kuma, a bayyane take cewa bunƙasar waɗannan birane ta tafi ne kafaɗa-da-kafaɗa da bunƙasar aikata manyan laifuka.

Yawaitar gardaddami tsakanin masu masana'antu da ma'aikantasu, bore, rashawa, afkuwar manyan laifuka, yawaitar fusatattu, da sauran abubuwan da ba a so suka yawaita a waɗannan birane ta yadda har suka zama maƙyanƙyasa ta masu laifi.


Helikwatar FBI   Hoto:FBI

A tare da haka kuma ga guguwar da take tasowa ta afkuwar Yaƙin Duniya na Farko (1914 - 1919). Saboda haka akwai buƙatar lallai a samar da tsaro a ciki da wajen Amurka.

Ƙari a kan dukkan waɗannan kuma shi ne guguwar ta'addancin salon mulkin-danniya (Anarchism) da ta tsiro daga Marikisanci (Marxism) wadda take da’awar sauyi ta hanyar gusar da tsarin dimokuraɗiyyar jari-hujja (Capitalism) wadda kuma hakan har ta kai ga kisan shugaban Amurka na 25, William McKinley a shekarar 1901.

Wani babban lamari kuma ma shi ne ana iya cewa kusan a shekarar 1908 babu wata nagartacciyar hukumar da ke kula da lamuran doka-da-oda a wannan makekiyar ƙasa ta Amurka. Sai dai, ƙananan hukumomi da jahohi suna da nasu 'yan sanda waɗanda kuma basu da cikakken horo, sannan kuma siyasa ta shiga cikin harkokinsu kuma uwa-uba ga rashin wadataccen albashi. Sama da wannan ma kuma shi ne cewa akwai ƙarancin dokokin manyan laifuka a matakin gwamnatin tarayya, tare kuma da ƙarancin hukumomin kula da harkokin tsaro, sai dai ɗan abin da ba za a rasa ba kamar irin su Hukumar Tsaro ta Sirri (Secret Service) da sauransu.

Biyowa bayan wancan kisan gilla na shugaban Amurka William McKinley da aka yi, sai aka naɗa mataimakinsa Teddy Roosevelt a matsayin gajinsa, wanda shi kuma yana sahun ‘yan fafutikar cigaba (progressive movement); wato mutane masu hanƙoron ganin Amurka ta samu a cigaba a turbar da take a kai, wato dimokuraɗiyya.

Cikin shekarar 1906, wadda ita ce tubalin dasa harshashin kafuwar wannan hukuma ta FBI, sai Teddy Roosevelt ya naɗa Charles Bonaparte wanda shima suka yi tarayya wajen ra’ayin fafutikar cigaba a matsayin Alƙalin-Alƙalan Amurka (Attorney General).

Ba jimawa da zamowar Bonaparte mutum mafi girma a fannin doka a ƙasar Amurka, ya fahimci irin girman aikin da ke gabansa na lafar da wutar manyan laifuka da rashawa da ke ruruwa. Gashi kuma bashi da rundunar masu bincike na ƙashin kansa in banda wasu 'yan jami'an da basu haura biyu ba waɗanda ke aiwatar da wasu keɓantattun ayyuka a madadinsa.

A shekarar 1907, sa'ailin da ya buƙaci tattara wasu bayanan da za su taimaka masa wajen haɗa takardun ƙara (case) a matsayinsa na Alƙalin-Alƙalan Amurka, Bonaparte, ya riƙa yin aron jami’an bincike ne daga Hukumar Tsaro ta Sirri (Secret Services). Sai dai, duk da ƙwarewa ta-gani-ta-faɗa da waɗannan jami'ai suke da ita, ba kai tsaye suke kai sakamakon bincikensu gare shi ba, a’a, sai sun dangana da shugaban hukumarsu, sannan daga baya rahotannin su je hannunsa. Wannan lamari ya riƙa ciwa Bonaparte tuwo a ƙwarya kasantuwar bashi da cikakken tasarifi kan bayanan da ake kawo masa.

Bisa waɗannan dalilai, sai Bonaparte ya kai kukansa gaban majalisa wato Congress, wadda ita kuma ta nata ɓangare ta yi matuƙar mamaki da jin wannan labari kan yadda a matsayinsa na Alƙalin-Alƙalai ya aikata abin da doka bata tanada ba. Bisa haka zauren majalisar ya haramta masa aron waɗannan jami'ai daga wannan hukuma.

Biyowa bayan wannan taƙaddama da takai ga haramta aron jami'an bincike, sai Bonaparte ya ƙirƙiri nasa jami'an inda ya tantance mutane 25 da ya haɗa su da tara da ya aro daga Hukumar Tsaro ta Sirri wanda yawansu ya kai 34 tare kuma da yi musu shugabanci mai muƙamin Chief Examiner wadda Stanley W. Finch ya jagoranta, daga ƙarshe aka damƙa ragamar kula da waɗannan jami'ai a ƙarƙashin Sashen Shari'a (Department of Justice) na wannan Hukuma ta Bonaparte. Saboda haka dai, ita da kanta FBI ta bayyana cewa, ranar 26 ga watan Juli (July) na shekarar 1908 wannan lamari ya gudana saboda haka ake ƙaddara wannan rana a matsayin ranar murnar kafuwar wannan hukuma.

Manazarta

FBI (2021). A Brief History. An ciro a 2021, daga https://www.fbi.gov/history/brief-history

U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (Babu Shekara). Intelligence Community. An ciro a 2021, daga https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/resources

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